Factores de riesgo en pacientes con fisura de labio y paladar en México. Estudio en 209 pacientes / Risk factors associated with cleft lip and palate in Mexico. A 209 patient analysis

Introducción y objetivo: El labio hendido (con o sin paladar hendido asociado) y el paladar hendido aislado afectan a 1 de cada 600 recién nacidos en el mundo. Su etiología es multifactorial e intervienen factores de medioambiente, sociodemográficos y genéticos.El objetivo del presente estudio es establecer una relación entre los distintos tipos de fisuras labio-palatinas y diversos factores de riesgo asociados a su prevalencia en México.Material y método.Estudiamos 209 pacientes de diferentes edades con diagnóstico de labio y paladar hendido, atendidos en hospitales generales públicos y privados de las regiones del norte, centro y sur de la república mexicana. Obtuvimos los datos de los pacientes a través de entrevistas a madres o tutores en los menores de edad y por entrevista directa a los mayores de edad.Resultados.El 47.8% fueron mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 8.9 ± 7.3 años. Del total, 163 (78%) tenían diagnóstico de fisura labio-palatina, y 46 (22%) de fisura de labio o paladar aislados. La edad de la madre al momento del embarazo infuyó en la mayor prevalencia de la fisura labio-palatina. Los antecedentes familiares de fisuras labio-palatinas también determinaron mayor porcentaje de pacientes con labio + paladar hendido que con el padecimiento aislado (41.1% frente a 26.1% respectivamente).Conclusiones.Consideramos que, dado que la edad de la madre al momento del embarazo es un factor directamente asociado a la prevalencia de la fisura labio-palatina, los estudios derivados de Salud Pública son fundamentales, particularmente aquellos que tratan sobre el embarazo de alto riesgo (madre adolescente y madre de edad avanzada). (AU)

Background and objective: Cleft lip and palate are associated with several factors including demographic and genetic factors among others. The estimated prevalence of the disease is 1-600 worldwide.Our aim is to study the relationship between the prevalence of cleft lip and palate and several factors associated to the disease in Mexico.Methods.A total of 209 patients with cleft lip and palate (isolated or combined) were included. Patients were referred from both public and private hospitals. Data were collected through direct interview and questionnaire with patientes´ mother or parent.Results.In our study, 47.8% patients were female. Mean age was 8.9 ± 7.3 years old; 163 patients (78%) had a combined cleft-lip and palate, and 46 (22%) had an isolated cleft lip or palate. Mother´s age was directly associated with the prevalence of cleft lip and palate. The history of facial clefts in the family was also directly related to the presence of a combined cleft, in contrast to an isolated cleft. (41.1% vs 26.1% respectively).Conclusions.In our study, both cleft lip and palate were directly related to the age of the mother. Thus, we believe that future studies should address the importance of preventive measures and treatment in the woman with a high-risk pregnancy (such as adolescent teens with pregnancy and elderly women). (AU)

Donor-Site Morbidity Following Free Fibula Flap Harvest for Mandibular or Maxillary Reconstruction in Pediatric Patients.

INTRO AND AIM: The morbidity at the donor-site in the free fibula flap is a well-studied fact in the adult population, but in children, there are few reports of the long-term adverse effects at the donor site. In this study, we evaluate donor-site morbidity, complications, and functional outcome in pediatric patients undergoing free fibula flap harvest for mandibular or maxillary reconstruction, and the relation between pain and walking abilities. METHODS: A retrospective study of 22 pediatric patients undergoing free fibula flap harvest for mandibular and maxillary reconstruction between 2003 and 2014 was conducted. A certified point evaluation system was used, analyzing several factors like pain, walking ability, restriction in activities, gait alteration, paresthesia, and cosmetic appearance, and the relationship between variables. RESULTS: Mean age follow up of patient was 8.5 years (range 2-13 years). Pain was reported in 27% (n = 6), paresthesia and numbness 9% (n = 2), walking ability alteration in 50% (n = 11), restriction in activities in 18% (n = 4), gait alteration in 23% (n = 5), and cosmetic appearance alteration in the 14% (n = 3). We compare the pain and the gait alteration and did not find any relation between pain and gait alteration (P = 0.6016) and there was no relation between restriction in activities and walking ability (P = 0.1455). CONCLUSION: Free fibula flap is the gold standard for head and neck reconstruction, but the morbidity at the donor site, especially in a growing child, should not be ignored or minimized when counseling patients and their families.More studies, with more population and with a long-term follow-up should be carried out to determine the impact on the daily activities on the pediatric population.

Aplicaciones de la impresión 3D en cirugía plástica reconstructiva / Use of 3D printing in reconstructive plastic surgery

Resumen La impresión 3D es una tecnología interesante en constante evolución. También conocida como manufactura aditiva, consiste en la conversión de diseños digitales a modelos físicos mediante la adición de capas sucesivas de material. En años recientes, y tras el vencimiento de múltiples patentes, diversos campos de las ciencias de la salud se han interesado en sus posibles usos, siendo la cirugía plástica una de las especialidades médicas que más ha aprovechado sus ventajas y aplicaciones, en especial la capacidad de crear dispositivos altamente personalizados a costos accesibles. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo del presente artículo es describir los usos de la impresión 3D en cirugía plástica reconstructiva a partir de una revisión de la literatura. Las principales aplicaciones de la impresión 3D descritas en la literatura incluyen su capacidad para crear modelos anatómicos basados en estudios de imagen de pacientes, que a su vez permiten planificar procedimientos quirúrgicos, fabricar implantes y prótesis personalizadas, crear instrumental quirúrgico para usos específicos y usar biotintas en ingeniería tisular. La impresión 3D es una tecnología prometedora con el potencial de implementar cambios positivos en la práctica de la cirugía plástica reconstructiva en el corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract 3D printing is an interesting technology in constant evolution. Also known as additive manufacturing, it consists of the conversion of digital designs into physical models by successively adding material layer by layer. In recent years, and after the expiration of multiple patents, several fields of health sciences have approached this type of technology, plastic surgery being one of the medical specialties that has taken advantage of its benefits and applications, especially the ability to create highly customized devices at low costs. With this in mind, the objective of this work is to describe the uses of 3D printing in reconstructive plastic surgery based on a literature review. The main applications of 3D printing described in the literature include its ability to create anatomical models based on patient imaging studies, which in turn allow planning surgical procedures, manufacturing custom implants and prostheses, creating surgical or instrumental simulators, and using bioinks in tissue engineering. 3D printing is a promising technology with the potential to cause positive changes in the field of reconstructive plastic surgery in the short and medium term.

Changes in Electrical Activity of the Masseter Muscle and Masticatory Force after the Use of the Masseter Nerve as Donor in Facial Reanimation Surgery.

Introduction The masseter nerve has been used as a donor nerve for facial reanimation procedures due to the multiple advantages it offers; it has been generally considered that sacrifice of the masseter nerve does not alter the masticatory apparatus; however, there are no objective studies to support this claim. Objective To evaluate the impact that the use of the masseter nerve in dynamic facial reconstruction has on the electrical activity of the masseter muscle and on bite force. Materials and Methods An observational and prospective longitudinal study was performed measuring bite force and electrical activity of the masseter muscles before and 3 months after dynamic facial reconstructive surgery using the masseter nerve. An occlusal analyzer and surface electromyography were employed for measurements. Results The study included 15 patients with unilateral facial paralysis, with a mean age of 24.06 ± 23.43. Seven patients were subjected to a masseter-buccal branch nerve transfer, whereas in eight patients, the masseter nerve was used as a donor nerve for gracilis free functional muscle transfer. Electrical activity of the masseter muscle was significantly reduced after surgery in both occlusal positions: from 140.86 ± 65.94 to 109.68 ± 68.04 ( p = 0.01) in maximum intercuspation and from 123.68 ± 75.64 to 82.64 ± 66.56 ( p = 0.01) in the rest position. However, bite force did not show any reduction, changing from 22.07 ± 15.66 to 15.56 ± 7.91 ( p = 0.1) after the procedure. Conclusion Masseter nerve transfer causes a reduction in electromyographic signals of the masseter muscle; however, bite force is preserved and comparable to preoperative status.

Colgajo libre de peroné para reconstrucción cervical y de pared faríngea tras resección de cordoma / Free fibula flap for cervical spine and posterior pharyngeal wall reconstruction after chordoma resection

Los cordomas son tumores malignos de crecimiento lento derivados de la notocorda. Habitualmente se localizan en el clivus y se presentan en mujeres en la tercera o cuarta décadas de la vida. La resección quirúrgica es su tratamiento de elección, pudiendo asociarse en casos selectos a radioterapia. En cordomas pequeños el tratamiento de elección es el abordaje endoscópico transnasal, transesfenoidal y para las lesiones extensas se prefiere el abordaje máxilo-mandibular con glosotomía. Para la reconstrucción, al igual que en otras áreas anatómicas, las ventajas de los tejidos óseos vascularizados sobre los no vascularizados son: la rápida consolidación, la resistencia a la infección, la reacción hipertrófica originada por la carga mecánica y la tolerancia a niveles terapéuticos de radiación. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 24 años de edad con diagnóstico de cordoma en C2-C3, a quien se le realizó corpectomía C2-C3 y exéresis marginal de la lesión, seguida de reconstrucción con colgajo libre de peroné

Chordoma neoplasms are malignant tumors with a generally slow growth. They are usually located in the clivus. The most common presentation is in young women (third and fourth decades of life). Surgical resection is the main line of treatment, occasionally radiotherapy may be needed. As for small chordomas, transnasal endoscopical resection can be performed, however, for larger tumors a maxillo-mandibular surgical approach may be needed. For reconstruction purposes, the main advantages of using vascularized tissues are: rapid consoloditation, higher infection resistance and a hypertrophic reaction secondary to the mechanical stress. We present the case of a 24 years old female patient with a C2-C3 chordom; corpectomy and marginal resection of the tumor were performed, as well as reconstruction with a free fibula flap

Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle Direct Neurotization.

Direct muscle neurotization has been proved to be a feasible technique for facial reanimation microsurgical procedures. Direct muscle neurotization is performed by implanting the interposition nerve graft directly into the substance of the muscle. The authors present the case of a 36-year-old male patient with upper eyelid dysfunction secondary to facial trauma. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle was macroscopically unaffected; however, neurophysiological test proved a selective denervation of the CN III motor branch to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Direct muscle neurotization was performed by means of 2 separate nerve procedures. The authors have made follow-up for 3 months after surgery. The authors have noted development of upper eyelid movement meaning adequate function of the neurotized muscle. The authors believe that this procedure could be integrated into the surgical options to treat selective nerve injuries should the right patient is encountered.

Digital Reconstruction with a Nonfrozen Osteotendinous Allograft, Nerve Allografts, and Autogenous Radial Free Flap.

A 21-year-old man underwent amputation of his second to fifth fingers at the proximal phalanx level on the right hand. The third and fourth fingers were reconstructed with 2 toe-to-hand free transfers. The fifth digit was reconstructed with a nonfrozen osteotendinous allograft, nerve allografts, and autogenous radial free flap without immunosuppression. The patient was lost to follow-up for 19 years. He received no rehabilitation. He reported that he had experienced no adverse reactions to the materials or the graft, or infection, or fractures. No additional surgical procedures were performed. Today, the digit is functional and has acceptable aesthetic appearance. This outcome is similar to those obtained in digits reconstructed with frozen osteotendinous allografts and autologous cutaneous covers and opens the possibility for future research.

Malformación arteriovenosa de alto flujo en el cuello / High flow arteriovenous malformation in the neck

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Ascending necrotizing mediastinitis secondary to emphysematous pyelonephritis.

Mediastinal infections usually originate from postoperative complications or in a descending manner from a cervical infectious process; few reports have emerged describing an ascending trajectory. A 56-year-old woman with a Huang class 1 left emphysematous pyelonephritis was referred due to a progression of an ascending necrotizing mediastinitis. A left posterolateral thoracotomy was performed, drainage and thorough lavage were carried out with a successful outcome. We believe this is the first reported case of ascending necrotizing mediastinitis secondary to an emphysematous renal infection.

[Giant Amyand hernia]. / Hernia de Amyand gigante.

The finding of the appendix inside an hernial sac is called "Amyand hernia": The global incidence is 0.28 to 1%. Clinical manifestations are the presence of an inflamed inguinal mass, tense, hypersensitivensible, with variable size, non-reducible, and associated to abdominal pain, vomit and very rarely true appendicitis manifestations. Surgical treatment depends on the case presentation and the intraoperative findings. We present a case of a giant Amyand's hernia successfully treated with surgery by performing the hernia repair with Bassini technique and transherniotomy appendectomy.